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Islamic geometric patterns are one of the major forms of Islamic ornament, which tends to avoid using figurative images, as it is forbidden to create a representation of an important Islamic figure according to many holy scriptures.

The geometric designs in Islamic art are often built on combinations of repeated squares and circles, which may be overlapped and interlaced, as can arabesques (with which they are often combined), to form intricate and complex patterns, including a wide variety of tessellations.

These may constitute the entire decoration, may form a framework for floral or calligraphic embellishments, or may retreat into the background around other motifs.

The complexity and variety of patterns used evolved from simple stars and lozenges in the ninth century, through a variety of 6- to 13-point patterns by the 13th century, and finally to include also 14- and 16-point stars in the sixteenth century.

Geometric patterns occur in a variety of forms in Islamic art and architecture. These include kilim carpets, Persian girih and Moroccan zellij tilework, muqarnas decorative vaulting, jali pierced stone screens, ceramics, leather, stained glass, woodwork, and metalwork.

Interest in Islamic geometric patterns is increasing in the West, both among craftsmen and artists like M. C. Escher in the twentieth century, and among mathematicians and physicists such as Peter J. Lu and Paul Steinhardt.

Application of Divine Proportions ( 1.61803398875 ) in Islamic Art and Architecture :

Islamic art and architecture have a rich tradition of incorporating divine proportions into their designs. This can be seen in the intricate patterns and geometric motifs found in mosques, palaces, and other structures. The use of divine proportions in Islamic art is not merely decorative, but also carries symbolic and spiritual significance.

One notable example of divine proportions in Islamic architecture is the Great Mosque of Cordoba in Spain. The mosque’s prayer hall features a series of horseshoe arches that are based on the golden ratio. These arches create a visually pleasing rhythm and harmony, reflecting the Islamic belief in the unity and order of the universe.

Connection between geometry and spirituality in Islam :

Geometry holds a special place in Islamic spirituality. Islamic scholars believe that the study and creation of geometric patterns can lead to a deeper understanding of the divine order and the nature of the universe. By engaging with geometric designs, Muslims seek to connect with the divine and experience spiritual enlightenment.

Islamic geometry is based on strict rules and principles, which are seen as a reflection of the divine order and symmetry in the universe. The intricate geometric patterns found in Islamic art are believed to echo the harmony and balance present in the natural world.

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