BrettPhillips on Nostr: If we are talking about US ETFs, you are correct. If you are not a market maker for ...

If we are talking about US ETFs, you are correct.
If you are not a market maker for that security, which no individuals are, then you must buy shares of the ETF on the secondary market, usually through a brokerage, using fiat.
“In kind” redemption, if allowed, is only for the market makers who are creating or redeeming shares.
NFA