whygetfat on Nostr: Professor Stephen Reicher: "Now the first thing to say about that is when you do a ...
Professor Stephen Reicher: "Now the first thing to say about that is when you do a meta-analysis you find that the overall level of obedience in the Milgram studies is 42%; 58% of people disobey. These are the disobedient studies, or the very least, of the obedience and disobedience studies. Anything which suggests that there is some inherent state that makes us obey cannot account for the fact that actually the majority of people disobey. […]
"The second problem is what we call the experimenter's voice. Because as you probably know, Milgram, who was actually in many ways, he was a great theatrical impresario. These were brilliant bits of theater, of live theater, of performance theater, if you like. He scripted them carefully. If, as they nearly always did, people showed reticence during the studies, if they said, 'What? Are you sure? Is he okay? Should I go on?' he scripted four prompts:
1. 'Please continue' or 'Please go on'
2. 'The experiment requires that you continue'
3. 'It's absolutely essential that you continue' and
4. 'You have no other choice. You must go on.'
"Now it's self-evident looking at those only one of them is an order. The first three are either requests or justifications or a combination. 'Please. . .': a request. 'The experiment requires. . . 'This is important. . .' justified in terms of the science of the experiment.
"But the last one is an order. You have no other choice. You must go on.
"Now if people were only obeying orders then you would have thought that that last prompt would be the most effective one. So what percentage of people carry on after these different prompts? After the first one, 64%. Second, 46%. Third, 10%. Fourth, nobody.
"Nobody. Every time the fourth prompt is used, every time you use orders people stop. There has been a recent replication by Berger. And again he finds exactly the same thing. Each time you're given an order, you stop. And we've also done a replication. And again you give the order and people say, 'What do you mean I've got no choice? Of course I've got a choice. I've got to stop.' That's what they do. That's what they say.
"The one thing, if you take nothing else from this talk, the one thing you should take is Milgram's research is emphatically not showing that people have a tendency to obey orders. If anything, they show the opposite."
Stephen Reicher @ 20:21–23:43 https://youtu.be/RFOI6FJQBXY&t=1221
"The second problem is what we call the experimenter's voice. Because as you probably know, Milgram, who was actually in many ways, he was a great theatrical impresario. These were brilliant bits of theater, of live theater, of performance theater, if you like. He scripted them carefully. If, as they nearly always did, people showed reticence during the studies, if they said, 'What? Are you sure? Is he okay? Should I go on?' he scripted four prompts:
1. 'Please continue' or 'Please go on'
2. 'The experiment requires that you continue'
3. 'It's absolutely essential that you continue' and
4. 'You have no other choice. You must go on.'
"Now it's self-evident looking at those only one of them is an order. The first three are either requests or justifications or a combination. 'Please. . .': a request. 'The experiment requires. . . 'This is important. . .' justified in terms of the science of the experiment.
"But the last one is an order. You have no other choice. You must go on.
"Now if people were only obeying orders then you would have thought that that last prompt would be the most effective one. So what percentage of people carry on after these different prompts? After the first one, 64%. Second, 46%. Third, 10%. Fourth, nobody.
"Nobody. Every time the fourth prompt is used, every time you use orders people stop. There has been a recent replication by Berger. And again he finds exactly the same thing. Each time you're given an order, you stop. And we've also done a replication. And again you give the order and people say, 'What do you mean I've got no choice? Of course I've got a choice. I've got to stop.' That's what they do. That's what they say.
"The one thing, if you take nothing else from this talk, the one thing you should take is Milgram's research is emphatically not showing that people have a tendency to obey orders. If anything, they show the opposite."
Stephen Reicher @ 20:21–23:43 https://youtu.be/RFOI6FJQBXY&t=1221